Preface
The Human Factor in Estimating
Introduction
Section 1-Disciplines Of Work
Section Introduction
Direct Cost Items Equipment
Overhead And Indirects
Home Office Cost
Section 2-Process Equipment
Section Introduction
Acid Coolers with Pump and Motor
Equipment Cost
Erection Man-hours
Activators-Vibrating Bin
Equipment Cost
Erection Man-hours
Aerators-Mechanical
High-Speed-Equipment Cost
High-Speed-Erection Man-hours
Low-Speed-Equipment Cost
Low-Speed-Erection Man-hours
Compressors
Air Power-Synchronous Motor Driven-Equipment Cost
Air Power-Induction Motor Driven-Equipment Cost
Air Power-Synchronous and Induction Motor Driven-Erection Man-hours
Automotive and Industrial Service Air-Equipment Cost
Automotive and Industrial Service Air-Erection Man-hours
Centrifugal Air-Plant and High-Pressure-Equipment Cost
Centrifugal Air-Plant and High-Pressure-Erection Man-hours
Industrial Air-Air-Cooled, Two-Stage-Equipment Cost
Industrial Air-Air-Cooled, Two-Stage-Erection Man-hours
Integral Gas Engine-Four Cylinder-Equipment Cost
Integral Gas Engine-Four Cylinder-Erection Man-hours
Packaged Air-Single-Stage, Water-Cooled-Equipment Cost
Packaged Air-Single-Stage, Water-Cooled-Erection Man-hours
Reciprocating-Electric Motor Driven-Equipment Cost
Reciprocating-Electric Motor Driven-Erection Man-hours
Two-Stage, Two-Cylinder, Water-Cooled-Equipment Cost
Two-Stage, Two-Cylinder, Water-Cooled-Equipment Cost
Two-Stage, Two-Cylinder, Water-Cooled-Erection Man-hours
Dryers-Air
Automatic, Refrigerated-Equipment Cost
Automatic, Refrigerated-Equipment Cost
Automatic, Refrigerated-Erection Man-hours
Automatic, Refrigerated-Erection Man-hours
Chiller-Equipment Cost
Chiller-Erection Man-hours
Surge Arrestors
Hydrocarbon and Water Service-Equipment Cost
Hydrocarbon, Water, and Sewage Service-Equipment Cost
Hydrocarbon, Water, and Sewage Service-Erection Man-hours
Blenders, Mixers, Packers, and Feeders
Dry Material Auger and Rotary Drum Blenders-Equipment Cost
Dry Material Auger and Rotary Drum Blenders-Erection Man-hours
Fixed Side Mounted Mixers with Top Motors-Equipment Cost
Fixed Side Mounted Mixers with Top Motors-Erection Man-hours
Plate Mounted Open Tank Mixers-Equipment Cost
Portable Clamp and Flanged Mounted Mixers-Equipment Cost
Flanged Top Tank Mounted and Plate Mounted Open Tank
Mixers- Erection Man-hours
Gearmotor Mixers-Equipment Cost
Gearmotor Mixers-Erection Man-hours
Batch and Pipeline Homogenizer Mixers-Equipment Cost
Batch and Pipeline Homogenizer Mixers-Erection Man-hours
High-Intensity Mixers-Equipment Cost
High-Intensity Mixers-Erection Man-hours
Bag and Rigid Container Vibrating Packers-Equipment Cost
Bag and Rigid Container Vibrating Packers-Erection Man-hours
Boilers
Package Type- Equipment Cost
Package Type-Erection Man-hours
Boiler Stacks-Equipment Cost
Boiler Stacks-Erection Man-hours
Classification Equipment
Cone Pelletizers- Equipment Cost
Cone Pelletizers-Erection Man-hours
Turbo-Screen Cyclone and Pressure Sifter-Equipment Cost
Turbo-Screen Cyclone and Pressure Sifter-Erection Man-hours
Rotary Screens-Equipment Cost
Rotary Screens-Erection Man-hours
Condensers and Receivers
Vertical Tube Surface-Equipment Cost
Vertical Tube Surface-Erection Man-hours
Conveying Equipment
Conveyors-Open Belt-Equipment Cost
Conveyors-Open Belt-Erection Man-hours
Conveyors-Belt Enclosed with Walkway-Equipment Cost
Conveyors-Belt Enclosed with Walkway-Erection Man-hours
Conveyors-Spaced Bucket Elevators, Belt-Driven-Equipment Cost
Conveyors-Spaced Bucket Elevators, Chain Driven-Equipment Cost
Conveyors-Spaced Bucket Elevators, Chain- or Belt-Driven -Erection Man-hours
Conveyors-Continuous Bucket Elevators, Belt-Driven-Equipment Cost
Conveyors-Continuous Bucket Elevators, Chain-Driven-Equipment Cost
Conveyors-Continuous Bucket Elevators, Belt- or Chain-Driven-Erection Man-hours
Screw Conveyors-Equipment Cost
Screw Conveyors-Erection Man-hours
Dryers- Drum
Atmospheric-Single Drum-Equipment Cost
Atmospheric-Double and Twin Drum-Equipment Cost
Atmospheric-Single, Double, and Twin Drum-Erection Man-hours
Dryers- Vacuum
Conical Rotating-Equipment Cost
Double Drum And Rotary-Equipment Cost
Conical Rotating and Double Drum-Erection Man-hours
Rotary-Carbon And Stainless Steel-Erection Man-hours
Dust Collectors
Centrifugal Scrubbers- High-Capacity, Hot- Rolled Steel Equipment Cost
Centrifugal Scrubbers-Medium-Capacity, Hot-Rolled Steel­Equipment Cost
Centrifugal Scrubbers- High-Capacity, Stainless Steel- Equipment Cost
Centrifugal Scrubbers- Medium-Capacity, Stainless Steel Equipment Cost
Centrifugal Scrubbers- High- and Medium-Capacity, Hot Rolled and Stainless Steel-Erection Man-hours
Cyclones-Hot-Rolled Steel-Equipment Cost
Cyclones-Stainless Steel-Equipment Cost
Cyclones-Hot-Rolled and Stainless Steel-Erection Man-hours
Filter Cartridge or Tube House Filters-Equipment Cost
Filter Cartridge or Tube House Filters-Erection Man-hours
Packaged Motor Operated Blowers-Equipment Cost
Packaged Motor Operated Blowers-Erection Man-hours
Fans and Blowers
Blowers-Rotary-Equipment Cost
Blowers-Rotary-Erection Man-hours
Centrifugal Fans-Equipment Cost
Centrifugal Fans-Erection Man-hours
Cast Iron Industrial Fans-Equipment Cost
Cast Iron Industrial Fans-Erection Man-hours
Heavy Sheet Steel Industrial Fans-Equipment Cost
Heavy Sheet Steel Industrial Fans-Erection Man-hours
Feeders
Heavy Duty Belt-Equipment Cost
Heavy Duty Belt-Erection Man-hours
Pre-Wetting Dry Chemical-Equipment Cost
Pre-Wetting Dry Chemical-Erection Man-hours
Pre-Wetting Dry Chemical, Package Units-Equipment Cost
Pre-Wetting Dry Chemical, Package Units-Erection Man-hours
Dry Material, Vibrating-Equipment Cost
Dry Material, Vibrating-Erection Man-hours
Dry Material, Volumetric and Gravimetric-Equipment Cost
Dry Material, Volumetric and Gravimetric-Erection Man-hours
Dry Material, Wing and Conveyor-Equipment Cost
Dry Material, Wing and Conveyor-Erection Man-hours
Filters
Gravity Filtration Units-Equipment Cost
Gravity Filtration Units-Erection Man-hours
Pressure Type-Equipment Cost
Pressure Type-Erection Man-hours
Rubber-Lined-Equipment Cost
Rubber-Lined-Erection Man-hours
Vibrating Screens-Equipment Cost
Vibrating Screens-Erection Man-hours
Flakers
Cooling Drum-Equipment Cost
Cooling Drum-Erection Man-hours
Generators
Inert Gas-Equipment Cost
Inert Gas-Erection Man-hours
Gas Pulsation Dampers
Dampers-Equipment Cost
Dampers- Erection Man-hours
Heaters
Deaerating Feedwater-Equipment Cost
Deaerating Feedwater- Erection  Man-hours
Gas-, Oil-, and Dual-Fired-Equipment Cost
Gas-, Oil-, and Dual-Fired-Erection  Man-hours
Heat Exchangers
Hairpin Type-Equipment Cost
Hairpin Type-Erection  Man-hours
Shell and Tube, Fixed Tube, and U-Tube-Equipment Cost
Shell and Tube, Fixed Tube, and U-Tube-Erection Man-hours
For Heating Water-Equipment Cost
For Heating Water- Equipment Cost
For Heating Water-Erection  Man-hours
Pumps
Centrifugal-Single-Stage, Vertical Split Case-Equipment Cost
Centrifugal-Single-Stage, Horizontal Split Case-Equipment Cost
Centrifugal-Single-Stage, ANSI and API 61O-Equipment Cost
Centrifugal-Two-Stage and Multi-Stage-Equipment Cost
Centrifugal-Single-Stage In-Line-Equipment Cost
Gear-Light and Heavy Duty-Equipment Cost
Sewage-Horizontal and Vertical, 1,750 RPM-Equipment Cost
Sewage-Horizontal, 1,750 RPM-Equipment Cost
Sewage-Horizontal and Vertical, 1,150 RPM-Equipment Cost
Sump and Plunger-Equipment Cost

Vertical Turbine-Single and Multi-Stage- Equipment Cost
Centrifugal-Single, Two, Multi, and In-Line Single-Stage­
Erection  Man-hours
Gear-Light and Heavy Duty-Erection  Man-hours
Sewage-Horizontal and Vertical-Erection  Man-hours
Sump and Plunger-Erection  Man-hours
Vertical Turbine-Single and Multi-Stage-Erection  Man-hours
Reactors
Glass-Lined, Agitated, Jacketed-Equipment Cost
Glass-Lined, Agitated, Jacketed-Erection  Man-hours
Steam Jet Ejectors
Single-Stage-Equipment Cost
Single-Stage- Erection  Man-hours
Gas Scrubbers
High-Energy Venturi Type-Equipment Cost
High-Energy Venturi Type-Erection Man-hours
Separators
Vane Type-Equipment Cost
Vane Type- Equipment Cost
Vane Type-Erection  Man-hours
Vibrating-Equipment Cost
Vibrating-Erection  Man-hours
API Type Oil/Water-Equipment Cost
API Type Oil/Water-Erection Man-hours
Size Reduction Equipment Crushers-Equipment Cost
Crushers-Erection Man-hours
Impact Breakers-Equipment Cost
Impact Breakers-Erection Man-hours
Reversible and Non-Reversible Hammermills-Equipment Cost
Reversible and Non-Reversible Hammermills-Erection Man-hours
Ring Type Granulators-Equipment Cost
Ring Type Granulators-Erection Man-hours
Water Softener System
Hot Process Water-Material and Equipment Cost
Hot Process Water-Installation Man-hours
Tanks
API Cone Roof Storage-Subcontract Installed Price
API Cone Roof Storage-Subcontract Installed Price
API Floating Roof Storage-Subcontract Installed Price
ASME Spheres-Subcontract Installed Price
Fintube Heating Coils-Equipment Cost
Fintube Heating Coils-Erection Man-hours
Fired Heaters, Fintube Type-Equipment Cost
Fired Heaters, Fintube Type-Erection Man-hours
Suction and Line Type Fuel Oil Heaters-Equipment Cost
Suction and Line Type Fuel Oil Heaters-Erection Man-hours
Propane Storage-Equipment Cost
Propane Storage-Erection Man-hours
Vessels
Shop Fabricated-Average Weight, Pounds per Linear Foot
Horizontal, Shop Fabricated-Cost per Ton
Vertical with Angle Legs, Shop FabricateCost per Ton
Vertical with Anchor Ring and Skirts, Shop Fabricate Cost per Ton
Tray Rings, Shop Fabricated-Cost Each
Column Trays, Shop Installation-Cost Each
Demisting Pads, Shop Installation-Cost Each
Shop Stress Relief-Cost per Ton
Removable Type Trays-Material Cost Each
Removable Type Trays-Material Cost Each
Demisting Pads-Material Cost Each
Demisting Pads-Material Cost Each
Vessels-Field Erection Man-hours per Ton
Tray Installation-Field Erection Man-hours Each
Demisting Pads-Field Erection Man-hours Each
Section 3-SITE PREPARATION
Section Introduction
Area Clear and Grub-Man-hours per Acre
Area Cuts and Fills-Average Cubic Yards per Acre
Area Cuts and Fills-Average Man-hours per Acre
Area Cuts and Fills-Fill Cost per Acre
Section 4-SITE IMPROVEMENTS
Security Fence- Material Cost in Dollars and Labor Cost in Man-hours
Railroad and Spurs-Material Cost in Dollars and Labor Cost
in Man-hours
Tank Dikes-Material Cost in Dollars and Labor Cost in Man-hours
Concrete Trenches-Material Cost in Dollars and Labor Cost in Man-hours
Drainage-Material Cost in Dollars and Labor Cost in Man-hours
Catch Basins and Manholes-Material Cost in Dollars and Labor Cost
in Man-hours
Road Culverts-Material Cost in Dollars and Labor Cost in Man-hours
Section 5-CONCRETE
Section Introduction
Earth Backfill Materials-Cubic Yards
Excavation And Backfill-Man-hours per Piece of Equipment
Earthwork for Equipment Structures, Pipe Racks, and Sleepers—Man-hours per Piece of Equipment
Concrete Required for Equipment, Equipment Structures, Pipe Racks and Sleepers-Cubic Yards per Piece of Equipment
Forms, Reinforcing, Embedments and Concrete-Material Cost per Pieces of Equipment
Forms, Reinforcing, Embedments and Concrete-Installation Man-hours
Nonshrink, Nonmetallic Grout-Square Feet Required
Nonshrink, Nonmetallic Grout-Material Cost
Nonshrink, Nonmetallic Grout-Installation Man-hours
Fireproofing Structural Steel-Material Cost
Fireproofing Structural Steel-Installation Man-hours
Fireproofing Vessel Skirts-Material Cost
Fireproofing Vessel Skirts-Erection Man-hours
Section 6-STRUCTURAL STEEL AND MISCELLANEOUS IRON
Section Introduction
Structural Steel-Tons Required per Pieces of Equipment
Miscellaneous Iron-Tons Required per Pieces of Equipment
Pipe Rack Steel-Tons Required per Pieces of Equipment
Structural Steel-Equipment Supports and Structures-Material Cost
Structural Steel for Pipe Racks and Miscellaneous Iron for Equipment-Material Cost
Structural Steel and Miscellaneous Iron for Equipment, Equipment
Supports and Structures, and Pipe Racks-Erection Man-hours

Section 7-BUILDINGS
Section Introduction
Building Types and Descriptions
Building Materials-Cost per Square Foot
Building Erection-Man-hours per Square Foot
Section 8-PIPING
Section Introduction
Shop Furnish and Fabricate Pipe and Fittings­
Quantities Required for Pieces of Equipment
Cost for Pieces of Equipment
Cost for Pieces of Equipment
Field Furnish, Fabricate and Erect Pipe, Fittings and Valves­
Quantities Required for Pieces of Equipment
Material Cost for Pieces of Equipment
Field Erect Shop Fabricated Spools-Man-hours for Pieces of Equipment
Field Furnish, Fabricate and Erect Pipe, Fittings, and Valves
Labor Man-hours for Pieces of Equipment
Labor Man-hours for Pieces of Equipment
Miscellaneous Pipe Items-Material Cost for Pieces of Equipment
Miscellaneous Pipe Items-Man-hours Required for Pieces of Equipment
X-Ray and Stress Relieving-Subcontract Cost
Section 9-ELECTRICAL
Section Introduction
Electrical Power-Material Cost
Electrical Power- Installation Man-hours
Electrical Lighting- Material Cost
Electrical Lighting-Installation Man-hours
Miscellaneous Instrumentation-Material Cost
Miscellaneous Instrumentation- Installation Man-hours
Section 10-INSTRUMENTATION
Section Introduction
Instruments-Number Required
Instruments-Material Cost
Instruments-Installation Man-hours
Control Valves-Material Cost
Standards, Tray Supports, Trays, Tubes, and Tube Bundles-Material Cost
Standards, Tray Supports, Trays, Tubes, and Tube Bundles-Installation Man-hours
Section 11-INSULATION
Section Introduction
Square Feet Required
Equipment- Material Cost
Piping-Material Cost
Piping and Equipment-Installation Man-hours
Section 12-PAINTING
Section Introduction
Paint-Equipment-Square Feet Area, Pieces of Equipment
Paint-Structural Steel and Piping-Square Feet Area
Paint-Miscellaneous and Pipe Rack Steel-Square Feet Area
Paint- Equipment- Material Cost
Paint- Equipment- Total Man-hours
Paint--Structural Steel-Material Cost
Paint-Structural Steel-Total Man-hours
Paint--Piping-Material Cost
Paint- Piping-Total Man-hours
Paint-Miscellaneous and Pipe Rack Steel-Material Cost
Paint-Miscellaneous and Pipe Rack Steel-Total Man-hours
Section 13-PAVING
Section Introduction
Asphalt Paving- Total Subcontract Price
Concrete and Gravel Pavement- Total Material Cost
Concrete and Gravel Pavement- Total Man-hours
Section 14-PRORATABLES
Section Introduction
Proratable Materials- Total Cost
Proratable Labor- Total Man-hours
Section 15-CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Section Introduction
Equipment Base Rental or Purchase, Fuel, Oil, Grease And Supplies Total
Equipment Service Labor- Total Man-hours
Section 16-OVERHEAD AND INDIRECTS
Section Introduction
Engineering and Supervision Personnel-Total Man-hours
Office Personnel-Total Man-hours
Other Indirect and Temporary Construction-Total Man-hours
Temporary Construction Materials-Total Cost
Payroll Burdens and Benefits and Other Indirect Materials-Total Cost
Section 17-HOME OFFICE COST
Section Introduction
Engineering Design-Man-hour Range Allowance
Engineering Design-Man-hour Range Allowance
Engineering Design-Man-hour Range Allowance
Engineering Design-Man-hour Range Allowance
Engineering Design-Man-hour Range Allowance
Other Cost as a Percent of Engineering Labor Dollars
Engineering Design-Man-hour Spread Percentages
Section 18-RATIO ESTIMATING FACTORS
Section Introduction
Refinery Process Systems-Direct Cost Percentages
Liquid Chemical Plants-Direct Cost Percentages
Solid Chemical Plants-Direct Cost Percentages
Liquid/Solid Chemical Plants-Direct Cost Percentages
Liquid High-Pressure Chemical Plants-Direct Cost Percentages
Liquid High-Alloy Chemical Plants-Direct Cost Percentages
Construction Equipment as a Percent of Direct Field Labor
Overhead And Indirects as a Percent of Direct Field Labor
Home Office Services as a Percent of Total Cost
Section 19-DEFINITIONS OF ESTIMATE ADJUSTMENTS
Design Allowance
Quantity Allowance
Escalation
Contingencies
Risk
Fees