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1: General
Information
Basic formulas
Mathematics-areas
Mathematics-surfaces and volumes
Cables and Ropes
Estimating strength of cable
Find the working strength of Manila rope
How large should drums and sheaves be for various types of wire rope?
Find advantages of block and tackle, taking into account pull out friction
Safe loads for wire rope
Stress in guy wires
Strength and weight of popular wire rope
Measuring the diameter of wire rope
Wire rope: field troubles and their causes
Capacity of drums
Belts and Shafts
Determine length of a V-belt
Calculate stress in shaft key
Calculate V-belt length using simple equation
Estimate the horsepower that can be transmitted by a shaft
Miscellaneous
How to estimate length of material contained in roll
Convenient antifreeze chart for winterizing cooling systems
How to determine glycol requirements to bring a system to a desired
temperature protection level
Weight in pounds of round steel shafting
Properties of shafting
Tap drills and clearance drills for machine screws
Common nails
Drill sizes for pipe taps
Carbon steel—color and approximate temperature
Bolting dimensions for raised face weld neck flanges
Steel fitting dimensions
ANSI forged steel flanges
Trench shoring---minimum requirements
Reuniting separated mercury in thermometers
Typical Wire resistance
How to cut odd-angle long radius elbows
How to read land descriptions
Dimensions of hex nuts and hex jam nuts
Color codes for locating underground utilities
Approximate angle of repose for sloping sides of excavations
Size an air receiver for engine starting
Wind chill chart
Pipeline Pigging
Sizing plates
Caliper pigging
Cleaning after construction
Flooding for hydrotest
Dewatering and drying
Estimate volume of onshore oil spill
Estimating spill volume on water
Fluid Power Formulas
2: Construction
Project Scoping Data
Project scoping data worksheet for major facilities
Right-of-Way
How to determine the crop acreage included in a right -of-way strip
Clearing and grading right-of-way: labor/equipment considerations
Estimating manhours for removing trees
Estimating manhours for removing tree stumps
Clearing and grading right-of-way
Ditching
How many cubic yards of excavation in a mile of ditch?
Shrinkage and expansion of excavated and compacted soil
Ditching and trenching: labor/equipment considerations
Concrete Work
How to approximate sacks of cement needed to fill a form
What you should know about mixing and finishing concrete
Pipe Laying
How to determine the degrees of bend in a pipe that must fit a ditch
calling for a bend in both horizontal and vertical planes
How to bend pipe to fit ditch-sags, overbends, and combination bends
Pipe bending computations made with hand-held calculator
Calculate maximum bend on cold pipe
Determine length of a pipe bend
Length of pipe in arc subtended by any angle
Average pipelay table-underground
Average pipelay table-on supports
Allowable pipe span between supports
How engineers make pipe fit the ditch
Pipe Lowering
How to lower an existing pipeline that is still in service
Welding
When should steel be preheated before welding?
Welding and brazing temperatures
Mechanical properties of pipe welding rods
Lens shade selector
Pipeline Welding
How many welds will the average welder make per hour?
How much welding rod is required for a mile of schedule 40 pipeline?
How many pounds of electrodes are required per weld on line pipe?
Welding criteria permit safe and effective pipeline repair
Cross count pipeline-vertical down electrode consumption pounds of electrode
per joint
Guidelines for a successful directional crossing bid package
3: Pipe Design
Steel pipe design
Properties of pipe
Length of pipe in bends Calculation of pipe bends
Spacing of pipe supports
American standard taper pipe threads (NPT)
British standard taper pipe threads
Normal engagement between male and female threads to make tight joints
Hand-held computer calculates pipe weight, contents, velocity
Formulas and constants of value in solving problems relating to tubular
goods
How to calculate the contraction or expansion of a pipeline
Estimate weight of pipe in metric tons per kilometer
How to find pipe weight from outside diameter and wall thickness
What is the maximum allowable length of unsupported line pipe?
Identify the schedule number of pipe by direct measurement
Determine buoyancy of bare steel pipe
Determine buoyancy of bare and concrete-coated steel pipe in water and
mud
Weights of piping materials
Allowable working pressure for carbon steel pipe
Find the stress in pipe wall due to internal pressure
How to calculate stress in aboveground/belowground transition
How to identity the series number of flanged fittings
Dimensions of three-diameter ells with tangents
Spectacle blind thicknesses
Polypipe design data
4: Electrical Design
Electrical design
Hazardous locations
NEMA Enclosure Types
Size portable electric generators
Typical wattages for tools and appliances
Knockout dimensions
National Electrical Code tables
Electrical formulas
Full load (currents-single phase transformers
Conduit size for combinations of cables with different outside diameters
Minimum bending radius for insulated cables for permanent training during
installation
Full load currents-three phase transformers
Motor controller sizes
Voltage drop on circuits using 600 V copper conductors in steel conduit
Determine the most economical size for electric power conductors
How to find the resistance and weight of copper wires
What you should remember about electrical formulas
How to calculate microwave hops on level ground
For quick determination of the horsepower per ampere for induction motors
(3 phase) at different voltages
Chart of electric motor horsepower for pumping units
Pumping stations
Floodlighting Concepts
Terms
Floodlighting calculations
Point -by-point method
Beam-Iumen method
Design procedure
Conductor size conversion chart-Metric to AWG
5: Hydrostatic Testing
The Benefits and Limitations of Hydrostatic Testing
Hydrostatic testing for pipelines
Appendix A
Volume of water required to fill test section Volume required at test
pressure
Appendix B
How to use charts for estimating the amount of pressure change for a
change in test water temperature
Basis for chart development
Compressibility factor for water Hydrostatic test records
6: Pipeline Drying
Pipeline Dewatering, Cleaning, and Drying
Dewatering
Cleaning pipelines
Brush pig run with gas
Brush pig run with liquid
Internal sand blasting
Chemical cleaning
Pipeline drying
Moisture content of air
Commissioning petrochemical pipelines
Vacuum drying
7: Control Valves
Control valve sizing formulas
Sizing control valves for throughput
Control valve selection
Relief Valve Sizing, Selection, Installation, and Testing
Rupture disc sizing
Rupture disc sizing using the resistance to flow method (Kn)
Variable orifice rotary control valves
Sizing Valves for Gas and Vapor Basic valve flow-capacity coefficient
(Cv)
8: Corrosion/Coatings
Handheld computer determines concrete coating thickness
National Association of Pipe Coating Applications (NAPCA) specifications
How much primer for a mile of pipe?
How much coal-tar enamel for a mile of pipe?
How much wrapping for a mile of pipe?
Estimating coating and wrapping materials required per mile of pipe
Coefficient of friction for pipe coating materials
Troubleshooting cathodic protection systems: Magnesium anode system
Cathodic protection for pipelines Estimate the pounds of sacrificial
anode material required for offshore pipelines
Comparison of other reference electrode potentials with that of copper--copper
sulfate reference electrode at 25°C
Chart aids in calculating ground bed resistance and rectifier power
cost
How can output of magnesium anodes be predicted?
How to determine the efficiency of a cathodic protection rectifier
How to calculate the voltage drop in ground bed cable quickly
What is the most economical size for a rectifier cable?
How to estimate the number of magnesium anodes required and their spacing
for a bare line or for Corrosion "hot spot"
How can resistivity of fresh water be determined from chemical analysis?
What will be the resistance to earth of a single graphite anode? How
to estimate the monthly power bill for a cathodic protection rectifier
What will be tile resistance to earth of a group of graphite anodes,
in terms of the resistance of a single anode?
How can the current output of magnesium rod used for the cathodic protection
of heat exchanger shells be predicted?
What spacing for test leads to measure current oil a pipeline?
How many magnesium anodes are needed for supplementary protection to
a short-circuited bare casing?
Group installation of sacrificial anodes
How can the life of magnesium anodes be predicted?
How to find the voltage rating of a rectifier if it is to deliver a
given amount of current through a given ground bed (graphite or carbon)
Determining current requirements for coated lines
Determining current requirements for coated lines when pipe-to-soil
potential values are estimated HVDC effects on pipelines
Troubleshooting cathodic protection systems: Rectifier-ground bed
How to control corrosion at compressor stations
Project leak growth
Advances in Pipeline Protection
Methods of locating coating defects
Case histories
Estimate the number of squares of tape for pipe coating (machine applied)
Estimate the amount of primer required for tape
Tape requirements for fittings
Induced AC Voltages on Pipelines May Present a Serious Hazard
Measuring Unwanted Alternating Current in Pipe
Minimizing shock hazards on pipelines near HVAC lines
Cathodic protection test point installations
9: Gas-General
Know the gas laws
Calculate gas properties from a gas analysis
Physical properties of selected hydrocarbons and other chemicals and
gases
Nomograph for calculating density and specific volume of gases and vapors
Considerations for Selecting Energy Measurement Equipment
Facts about methane and its behavior
Conversion table for pure methane
Categories of natural gas and reserves terminology
Glossary of common gas industry terms
10: Gas-Compression
Compressors
Performance calculations for reciprocating compressors
Estimating suction and discharge volume bottle sizes for pulsation control
for reciprocating compressors
Compression horsepower determination
Generalized compressibility factor
Nomograph aids in diagnosing compressor cylinder ills
Centrifugal Compressor Data
Centrifugal compressor performance calculations
Nomographs for estimating compressor performance
Estimate hp required to compress natural gas
Estimate compressor hp where discharge pressure is 1,000 psi
Calculate brake horsepower required compressing gas
How to find the size of a fuel gas line for a compressor station
Estimate engine cooling water requirements
Estimate fuel requirements for internal combustion engines
Estimate fuel requirements for compressor installation
11: Gas-Hydraulics
Gas pipeline hydraulics calculations
Equivalent lengths for multiple lines based on Panhandle A
Determine
pressure loss for a low-pressure gas system
Nomograph for determining pipe-equivalent factors
How much gas is contained in a given line section?
How to estimate equivalent length factors for gas lines
Estimating comparative capacities of gas pipelines
Determination of leakage from gas line using pressure drop method
A quick way to determine the size of gas gathering lines
Energy conversion data for estimating
How to estimate time required to get a shut-in test on gas transmission
lines and approximate a maximum acceptable pressure loss for new lines
How to determine the relationship of capacity increase to investment
increase Estimate pipe size requirements for increasing throughput volumes
of natural gas
Calculate line loss using cross-sectional areas table when testing mains
with air or gas Flow of fuel gases in pipelines
Calculate the velocity of gas in a pipeline
Determining throat pressure in a blow-down system
Estimate the amount of gas blown off through a line puncture
A practical way to calculate gas flow for pipelines
How to calculate the weight of gas in a pipeline
Estimate average pressure in gas pipeline using upstream and downstream
pressures Chart for determining viscosity of natural gas
Flow of gas
Multiphase flow
Nomograph for calculating Reynolds number for compressible
How friction factor for clean steel and wrought iron pipe
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12:
Liquids-General
Determining the viscosity of crude
Chart gives API gravity of blends quickly
Liquid gravity and density conversion chart
Nomograph for calculating viscosity’s of liquid hydrocarbons at high
pressure
Calculate viscosity of a blend
Calculate specific gravity of a blend
Convert viscosity units
Convert specific gravity to API gravity
Calculate bulk modulus Nomograph for calculating viscosity of slurries
Nomograph for calculating velocity of liquids in pipes
Nomograph for calculating velocity of compressible fluids in pipes
Nomograph for calculating velocity of liquids in pipes
Derivation of basic ultrasonic How equations
How fast does oil move in a pipeline?
Estimate the volume of a pipeline per linear foot using the inside diameter
What is the linefill of a given pipe in barrels per mile?
Estimate leakage amount through small holes in a pipeline
Table gives velocity heads for various pipe diameters and different rates
of discharge
Viscosities of hydrocarbon liquids
13: Liquids-Hydraulics
Marine Hose Data
CALM system
SALM system
Tandem system
Multi-point mooring system
Pressure loss in hose string
Pressure drop calculations for rubber hose
Examples of pressure drop calculations for rubber hose
Typical formulas used for calculating pressure drop and flow rates for
pipelines
Hydraulic gradients
Equivalent lengths
Series systems
Looped systems
Calculate pressure loss in annular sections
Calculate pressure and temperature loss for
viscous crudes equal to or more than 1,OOOcP
Determine hatch injection rate as per enclosure
Pressure Loss through Valves and Fittings
Nomograph for calculating Reynolds number for flow of liquids and friction
factor for clean steel and wrought iron pipe
Nomograph for calculating pressure drop of liquids in lines for turbulent
flow
Drag-reducing agents
How to estimate the rate of liquid discharge from a pipe
Predict subsurface temperature range
Sizing pipelines for water flow
How approximate throughput of a line can be estimated from pipe size
Gauge liquid flow where no weir or meter is available
Estimate crude gathering line throughput for a given pipe diameter
How to determine head loss due to friction in ordinary iron pipeline carrying
clear water
How to size lines, estimate pressure drop, and estimate optimum station
spacing for crude systems
Estimate the optimum working pressures in crude oil transmission lines
How to size crude oil and products lines for capacity increases
How to determine the maximum surge pressure in liquid-filled pipeline
when a valve is suddenly closed
What is the hydrostatic pressure due to a column of liquid in feet in
height?
Transient pressure analysis
Tank farm line sizing
Hydraulics calculations for multiphase systems, including networks
14: Pumps
Centrifugal pumps
Speed torque calculation
Pulsation Control for Reciprocating Pumps
Rotary pumps Oil pipeline services
Key Centrifugal Pump Parameters and How They Impact Your Applications-Part
1
Key Centrifugal Pump Parameters and how They Impact Your Applications-Part
2
Estimate the discharge of a centrifugal pump at various speeds
How to estimate the head for an average centrifugal pump Find the reciprocating
pump capacity
How to estimate the hp required to pump at a given rate at a desired discharge
pressure
Nomograph for determining reciprocating pump capacity
Nomograph for determining specific speed of pumps '
Nomograph for determining horsepower requirement of pumps
How to select motors for field-gathering pumps
Reciprocating pumps
Understanding the basics of rotary screw pumps
15: Measurement
Multiphase flow meter
Pipeline flow Measurement-the new influences
Liquid measurement orifice plate flange taps
Mass measurement light hydrocarbons
Pipeline measurement of supercritical carbon dioxide
Gas Measurement
Master meter proving orifice meters in dense phase ethylene
Gas or vapor How measurement--orifice plate flange taps
Properties of gas and vapors
Determine required orifice diameter for any required differential when
the present orifice and differential are known in gas measurement
Estimate the temperature drop across a regulator
Estimate natural gas flow rates
How to estimate the average pressure differential on the remaining meter
runs of a parallel system when one or more runs are shut off
Sizing a gas metering run
List of typical specifications for domestic and commercial natural gas
Determine the number of purges for sample Cylinders
Find the British thermal units (Btu) when the specific gravity of a pipeline
gas is known
Estimate for variations in measurement factors
Rules of measurement of gas by orifice meter
How to measure high pressure gas
Four ways to calculate orifice flow in field
Practical maintenance tips for positive displacement meters
Sizing headers for meter stations
16: Instrumentation
Types of control systems
Developments in Pipeline Instrumentation
Abstract
Introduction
Flow measurements
Praying devices
Valves
Acoustic line break detectors
"Smart" pressure sensors
Densitometers
Pipeline samplers
Pipeline monitoring systems
Computer systems
SCADA systems
Cathodic protection
System design guidelines
Future trends
Conclusion
Choosing the Right Technology for Integrated SCADA Communications
WAC methodology
Analysis of technology
C-band VSAT advantages
C-band VSAT disadvantages
Ku-band advantages
Ku-band disadvantages
VSAT decisions
Implementation
17: Leak Detection
Pipeline leak detection techniques
Summary
Introduction
Causes and economic aspects of leaks
Simple leak detection systems
Pig-based monitoring systems
Computer-based monitoring systems
Pipeline leak phenomena
Background philosophy of pipeline modeling Basic pipeline modeling equations
Impact of instrument accuracy
System design aspects and guidelines
Development of pipeline monitoring systems
Conclusion
18: Tanks
Charts give vapor loss from internal floating-roof tanks
Estimating the contents of horizontal cylindrical tanks
How to gauge a horizontal cylindrical tank
Use nomograph to find tank capacity
Correct the volume of light fuels from actual temperature to a base of
60°F
Volume of liquid in vertical cylindrical tanks
Chart gives tank's vapor formation rate
Hand-held calculator program simplifies dike computations
19: Maintenance
How to plan for oil pipeline spills (part 1)
Regulatory requirements
Contingency plan objectives
Related studies
Planning concepts
Contingency response
How to plan for oil pipeline spills (part 2)
Immediate response
Immediate response actions
Flexible response actions
Training Conclusion
20: Economics
Rule of thumb speeds payroll estimates Rule of thumb estimates optimum
time to keep construction equipment
How to estimate construction costs
Cost estimating strategies for pipelines, stations, and terminals (part
1)
Cost estimating strategies for pipelines, stations, and terminals (part
2)
Economics
Time Value of Money: Concepts and Formulas
Simple interest versus compound interest
Nominal interest rate versus effective annual interest rate
Present value of a single cash flow to be received in the future
Future value of a single investment
The importance of cash flow diagrams Analyzing and valuing investments/projects
with multiple or irregular cash flows
Perpetuities,
Future value of a periodic series of investments
Annuities, loans, and leases
Gradients (payouts/payments with constant growth rates)
Analyzing complex investments and cash flow problems
Decision and Evaluation Criteria for Investments and Financial Projects
Payback method
Accounting rate of return (ROR) method
Internal rate of return (lRR) method
Net present value (NPV) method
Sensitivity Analysis
Decision Tree Analysis of Investments and Financial Projects
Accounting Fundamentals
Estimate the cost of a pipeline in the United States (based on 1994 data)
How to compare the cost of operating an engine on diesel and natural gas
How to estimate energy costs for different pipeline throughputs I
Comparing fuel costs for diesel and electric prime movers I
Nomograph for calculating scale-up of equipment or plant costs
Nomograph for calculating scale-up of tank costs
Nomograph for determining sum-of-years depreciation
Nomograph for estimating interest rate of return on investment (profitability
index)
Nomograph for determining break-even point
Chart gives unit cost per brake horsepower of reciprocating compressors
with various types of prime movers
Chart shows influence on unit cost of numbers of reciprocating compressor
units installed in one station
Chart gives unit cost per brake horsepower of centrifugal compressors
with various types of prime movers
21: Rehabilitation-Risk Evaluation
When does a pipeline need revalidation?
The influence of defect growth rates and inspection criteria on an operator's
maintenance program
Modeling for pipeline risk assessment
22: Conversion Factors
Units of measurement convert from one system to another
Viscosity-equivalents of absolute viscosity
General liquid density nomograph
Chart gives specific gravity/temperature relationship for petroleum oils
Weight density and specific gravity of various liquids True vapor pressure
of crude oil stocks with a Reid vapor pressure of 2 to 15 psi
Low temperature vapor pressure of light hydrocarbons
High temperature vapor pressure of light hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon gas viscosity
Metric conversions-Metric to English, English to Metric
Temperature conversion-Centigrade to Fahrenheit or Fahrenheit to Centigrade
Viscosity—equivalents of kinematic viscosity
Viscosity—equivalents of kinematic and Saybolt Universal Viscosity
Viscosity-equivalents of kinematic and Saybolt
Furol Viscosity at 122°F
Viscosity-general conversions
ASTM standard viscosity temperature chart
Pressure conversion chart
A simple method to determine square root
SI data
Energy conversion chart
Flow conversion chart
Conversions involving different types of fuel
Conversion factors for Caloric values of gases under different conditions
of measurement
Heat value conversions and natural gas equivalents of various fuel units
Conversion for daily/annual rates of energy consumption (gross heat basis)
Weight of water per cubic foot at various temperatures
Engineering constants
Mensuration units
Minutes to decimal hours conversion table
How to compare costs of gas and alternate fuel
Typical characteristics of fuel oils
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